Shanjida Rahman Sultana

The movement of one joint may require the motion over the proximal and distal joints, and sometimes it may not be required. Two types of kinematic chains are present. 1. Closed kinematic chains (CKC) 2. Open kinematic chains (OKC) Closed Kinematic Chain In human body the joints are having interlink with each other, so the motion occurs in one particular joint causes motion over the other joints in predictable manner. In the closed kinematic chain the proximal and distal joint will be moving to produce the movement over one particular joint. Example: (I) Performing the sit-ups and (2) performing the push-ups. In the first example the hip joint flexion and the ankle joint dorsiflexion occurs to produce the flexion over the knee to go for the sitting posture. The proximal joint (hip) is moving towards the distal (ankle) joint but the distal joint is fixed without any movement. In the second example the shoulder extension and wrist extension produce the elbow fl...

In one joint muscle the movement may not be restricted by the proximal or distal joint motion. But it is not possible in the two or multi-joint muscles, the ROM may be changing depends on the proximal and distal joint movement. If the muscles are crossing more than one joint, there is possibility for active and passive insufficient said by Brunnstrom. Active ins ufficiency The muscle cannot go for further shortening while performing the activity around the joints, which the muscle crosses. It occurs to the agonists. Example: Flexor compartment muscles of the forearm. These muscles responsible for elbow flexion, MCP flexion PIP and DIP flexion. If the above said movements are done in the same sequence, the person feels difficult in flexing the MCP and finger after flexing the elbow and wrist, because the muscles are already shortened by the elbow and wrist flexion. So, further shortening is difficult, this is called as active insufficiency (Tenodesis). Passive Insu...

Good flexibility is known to bring positive benefits in the muscles and joints. It aids with injury prevention, helps to minimize muscle soreness, and improves efficiency in all physical activities. Increasing flexibility can also improve quality of life and functional independence. Good flexibility aids in the elasticity of the muscles and provides a wider range of motion in the joint s. It provides ease in body movements and everyday activities. A simple daily task such as bending over and tying shoes is accomplished better with flexibility. Benefits of Stretching The following are several chronic training benefits gained from using a regular stretching program: • Improved flexibility, stamina (muscular endurance), and muscular strength. The degree of benefit depends on how much stress is put on the muscle. Medium or heavy stretches are recommended. You can do this by building up to doing long stretches of high intensity (see the next section for a detailed explana...

Background Physiotherapy is a first contact, autonomous, client-focused health profession dedicated to: • Improving and maintaining functional independence and physical performance, • Preventing and managing pain, physical impairments, disabilities and limits to participation; and • Promoting fitness, health a nd wellness. The heart of the physiotherapy profession is understanding how and why movement and function take place. Physiotherapists are independent and caring health professionals who seek to provide safe, quality client-centred physiotherapy through a commitment to service availability, accessibility and excellence. The profession continues to be shaped by scientific evidence and the education and competence of the physiotherapists delivering the services. Physiotherapy is grounded in the belief that, to be effective, its services must respond to the changing needs of populations. Primary Functions of physiotherapists Physiotherapists apply a collaborative and rea...

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