Shanjida Rahman Sultana

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Weights and Simple Weight-Pulley Systems (Gravitational) Pros (Advantages) • Exercises can be set up in many positions, such as supine, side-lying, or prone in bed or on a cart, sitting in a chair or on a bench, or standing. Many muscle groups in the extremities and trunk can be strengthened by simply reposi tioning the patient. • Free weights and simple weight-pulley systems typically are used for dynamic, non-weight-bearing exercises but also can be set up for isometric exercise and resisted weight-bearing activities. • A variety of movement patterns is possible, incorporating single plane or multiplanar motions. An exercise can be highly specific to one muscle or generalized to several muscle groups. Movement patterns that replicate functional activities can be resisted. • Free weights with interchangeable disks, such as a barbell, are versatile and can be used for patients with many different levels of strength, but they require patient or pers...

Joint Mobilization: • Joint mobilization refers to manual therapy techniques that are used to modulate pain and treat joint dysfunctions that limit range of motion (ROM) by specifically addressing the altered mechanics of the joint.  • The altered joint mechanics may be due to  o pain and muscle guarding o joint effusion o contractures or adhesions in the joint capsu les or supporting ligaments, or malalignment or subluxation of the bony surfaces. • Joint mobilization stretching techniques differ from other forms of passive or self-stretching in that they specifically address restricted capsular tissue by replicating normal joint mechanics while minimizing abnormal compressive stresses on the articular cartilage in the joint. • When indicated, joint mobilization is a safe, effective means of restoring or maintaining joint play within a joint and can also be used for treating pain. Mobilization/Manipulation • Mobilization and manipulation are two words that have come to have t...

PNF or Active Inhibition includes • Type 1: Agonist Contraction (AC) [Reciprocal Inhibition- Muscle spindle] • Type 2: Hold-Relax (HR) or Contract-Relax (CR) [Autogenic inhibition- GTO] • Type 3: Hold-Relax with agonist contraction (HR-AC) Type 1: Agonist Contraction (AC): • Agonist refers to the muscle opposite the range-limiting muscle. So antago nist refers to the range limiting muscle. • The short muscle (antagonist) preventing the full movement of the prime mover (agonist) • To perform agonist contraction, the client concentrically contract (shorten) the muscle opposite the range-limiting muscle & then holds the end range position at least several seconds (6-10 seconds) • When the agonist is activated & contracts concentrically, the antagonist (the range-limiting muscle) is reciprocally inhibited, allowing it to relax & lengthen more easily. • Effective for o Early subacute condition o Acute muscle spasm for non-traumatic injury Type 2: Hold-Relax (HR) or Contract Rel...

Balance: This is the ability to keep the body in equilibrium in either the static or dynamic positions. The inability to balance or to coordinate movement may be due to weak muscles as a result of inactivity or it may be due to neurological deficit. As a general principle balance is developed progressively by moving from the most stable to the least stable position. So balance training is given progressively in different position according to following order- • Forearm support prone lying • Forearm support prone kneeling • Prone kneeling • Prone kneeling with one limb lifted from the ground. • Prone kneeling with two limbs lifted from the ground. • Kneeling • Half kneeling • Sitting • Long sitting, • Walk standing • Stride standing • Closed standing • Standing on unaffected limb • Standing on affected limb Placing the patient in different position, the patient is asked to maintain his position by his own muscular contraction. Here resistance is applied ...

A. Bone is a living tissue that renews itself. B. Structure: Compact and Spongy i. Compact bone contains bone cells (osteocytes) in lacunae, which are tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around Haversian canals. The canals contain blood vessels and nerves. ii. A matrix that has protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits of calcium and phosphorus salts separates lacunae. iii. Spongy bone has bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces. iv. Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone. v. Spaces in spongy bone are filled with red bone marrow. Located in hipbone and sternum of adult. vi. Bone marrow is where RBC's are made. vii. The cavity of long one has yellow bone marrow where fat is stored. viii. Bone covered by periosteum (outer membrane). ix. Osteocytes have canaliculi. A. Bone growth/constant renewal i. During prenatal development skeleton is made of cartilage. ii. Replaced by bone. Osteoblast (bone forming cell) does this. iii. Primary ost...

1) A clinician must always receive verbal consent from the patient prior to the application of the tape. 2) The patient may be asked the following questions in order to minimize the risk of skin irritation due to the tape: • Are you allergic to tape? • Does your skin get irritated when you use an adhesive bandage? * Do you know if you have extra sensitive skin? 3) If the answer is "yes" to any of the above questions,it may be wise to apply tape to a small test patch first and re-assess the effects of the test patch on the skin at the next treatment session. 4) If indicated, shave the area to be taped, as hair will limit the effectiveness of taping. 5) If there is residual lotion or oil on the skin, the tapes will not stick.The skin area must be washed or wiped off with an alcohol swab before tape application. 6) Usually, a hypo-allergic tape is applied on the skin to minimize the potential risk of skin irritation related t...

Scapulohumeral rhythm: This is the movement relationship between the glenohumeral joint & scapulothoracic articulation. The ratio of glenohumeral movement to scapulothoracic movement in abduction is 2:1 (Smith, Weiss, & Lehmkuhl, 1996). (Describes the timing of movement at these joints during shoulder elevation.) 1. first 30 degrees of shoulder eleva tion involves a "setting phase": • The movement is largely glenohumeral. • Scapulothoracic movement is small and inconsistent. 2. after the first 30 degrees of shoulder elevation: • The glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints move simultaneously. • Overall 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement. Scapulohumeral rhythm serves at least two purposes. 1. It preserves the length-tension relationships of the glenohumeral muscles; the muscles do not shorten as much as they would without the scapula's upward rotation, and so can sustain their force production through a larger portion of the range...